全浸阅读=Total Immerse Dynamic eReading=TIDE

选自-2021-0612-TE

Green Boom-How green bottlenecks threaten the clean energy businessA great green investment boom is under way, but supply-side problems are underappreciated

♜助读背景

❀green economic-摘录自联合国环境项目说明

An inclusive green economy is one that improves human well-being and builds social equity while reducing environmental risks and scarcities.

An inclusive green economy is an alternative to today's dominant economic model, which exacerbates inequalities, encourages waste, triggers resource scarcities, and generates widespread threats to the environment and human health. Over the past decade, the concept of the green economy has emerged as a strategic priority for many governments.

♜阅读建议

绿色经济将会是未来几十年的核心热点话题，无论是考试，学习，工作，生活，都会反复地成为讨论的焦点，持续地了解相关的信息以及表达，对阅读和写作都会有帮助。

green已经是环保经济的代名词，而bottleneck也已是dilemma，predicament这种undesirable，unpleasant，通常又是uncontollable situation/context的代名词，when people stuck in an awkward deadlock, or impasse, they face the difficulty to make a choice(dilemma), between 2 unsatisfied alternatives; while most often they don’t have favorable options or ways out, like a knot of a marriage problem just can not be solved right now or a traffic jam has to be waited untill the polices come; a green bottleneck is one that demand is retarded or halted by the unprepared supply chain.

Learning & Tips:

通过一个熟悉的生活场景去描绘一个读者可能不熟悉的事件或话题，是很常见的writing tactics

当我们见到bottleneck这个核心词的时候，联想到的基本场景可能是the traffic jam on the road, the sticking creating thinking between process，or the constrained financial situation，而围绕这些场景高频会出现对imcome vs outcome， demand VS supply， output VS input等状况前后改变和互相对比的描述,并且会引发problems，results，andconsequnces这些次极别的关键词；根据核心词激发的场景联想而去阅读和写作会让你对词句的使用更系统化。

回到文章开篇，the groom=the green incestment boom，is under way(traffic类比词), supply-side problems(problem次级词出现)，are underappreciate.(随着态度出现，主题出现）

P1①②③ 148words

①AS THE WORLD economy wakes back up, shortages and price spikes are affecting everything from the supply of Taiwanese chips to the cost of a French breakfast. ②As we explain this week, one kind of bottleneck deserves special attention: the supply-side problems, such as scarce metals and land constraints, that threaten to slow the green-energy boom. ③Far from being transitory, these bottlenecks risk becoming a recurring feature of the world economy for years to come because the shift to a cleaner energy system is still only in its infancy.④ Governments must respond to these market signals, facilitating a huge private-sector investment boom over the next decade that increases capacity. ⑤If they don’t, they stand little chance of keeping their promises to reach “net-zero” emissions.

♜助读笔记

用As带出一种形势，环境，改变

▷wake back up from (pandemic)

▷Spike:像大钉子那么扎眼的改变

sharply increase are affecting everything fr supply of TW chips to cost of French-breads；从驱动全人类文明前进的芯片到支持人类肠胃的法国面包，从life sustainability到exploration advance，都受到原材料供应影响影响。One kind of bottleneck requires special attention: the scarce mental and land constraints; (supply-chain problems.)这一种瓶颈因为影响到绿色能源，需要特别关注。

▷far from being tansitory， transitory =of brief duration, pass away soon; far from就是遥遥无期了，短时间解决不了；并且risk becoming，还有风险. 啥风险呢？recuring复发，频发because the clean energy is still in infancy. 这一句指出了问题的严重性与延伸

▷call for action：government must respond，or they stand little chance, of what? Net-zero emission(net not gross 净的零碳排放）； how to respond? Facilitate: help, make it easy for, the private sector investment to expanse capacity; 这一句号召政府引导投资扩大规模

P1 is about：

describe a bottleneck situation

-economy back

-shortage causes supply problems

-supply problems may last long，

-governments must favilitate investment

for the goal of netzero emission

随着世界经济的复苏，短缺和价格飙升正影响着从台湾薯片的供应到法式早餐的成本等一切。正如我们本周所解释的，有一种瓶颈值得特别关注：供应方面的问题，如稀缺金属和土地限制，有可能减缓绿色能源的繁荣。这些瓶颈远不是短暂的，而是有可能在未来几年成为世界经济的一个反复出现的特征，因为向清洁能源系统的转变仍然只是处于起步阶段。各国政府必须对这些市场信号作出回应，在未来十年促进私营部门的巨大投资热潮，以提高产能。如果他们不这样做，他们就没有机会履行其达到 "净零 "排放的承诺。

P2①②③④⑤⑥⑦ 165words

①Scientists and activists have worried about climate change for decades. ②Recently politicians have shown signs of more commitment: countries accounting for over 70% of world GDP and greenhouse gases now have targets for net-zero emissions, typically by 2050. ③And there has been a dramatic shift in the attitude of business. Investors are demanding that firms change tack, spurred by the new reality that clean technologies are more cost-competitive. ④The giants of the fossil-fuel age, such as Volkswagen and ExxonMobil, are having to shift their investment plans, while clean-energy pioneers are cranking up capital spending fast. ⑤Orsted, a wind-farm champion, plans a rise of 30% this year;⑥ Tesla, an electric-car maker, a jump of 62%. ⑦Meanwhile a cool $178bn flowed into green-tinged investment funds in the first quarter of 2021.

♜助读笔记

P2 描绘各个parties对green 有不同的节奏

-scientists and activists-for decades

-politicans-recently

-biz-dramatic shift

-investor-demanding

-fossil fuel giants-shift plans

-pioneers-spend fast

▷change tack：tack, nail; change tack, change ways/approaches

▷crank up：start the engine

▷Green-tinged:din, mosten被着色了，染上了

科学家和活动家对气候变化的担忧已经持续了几十年。最近，政治家们显示出更多承诺的迹象：占世界GDP和温室气体70%以上的国家现在有在2050年前实现净零排放的目标。企业的态度也发生了巨大的变化。在清洁技术更具成本竞争力这一新现实的刺激下，投资者要求企业改变态度。化石燃料时代的巨头们，如大众汽车和埃克森美孚，不得不改变他们的投资计划，而清洁能源的先驱们正在快速增加资本支出。风电场冠军阿斯泰兹计划今年增加30%；电动汽车制造商特斯拉计划增加62%。同时，在2021年第一季度，有1,780亿美元的资金流入绿色投资基金。

P3①②③④166words

①This sudden shift in how resources are allocated is causing stresses and strains as demand surges for raw materials and a scramble occurs for the few projects with regulatory approval. ②We calculate that the price of a basket of five minerals used in electric cars and power grids has soared by 139% in the past year. ③Timber mafias are roaming Ecuadorean forests to find balsa wood used in wind-turbine blades. ④In February a British auction of sea-bed rights for offshore wind farms brought in up to $12bn because energy firms rushed to get exposure whatever the cost. ⑤The shortages extend to finance: as a mass of money chases a few renewable-energy firms, valuations have been stretched into bubbly territory. ⑥Although the weight of the renewable-energy industry in consumer-price indices is still small, some financiers fear that supply shortages over years could eventually fuel higher inflation.

♜助读笔记

▷surge：前面的spike同义，rise sharply

▷scramble：moved hurrily

▷power grid：电网

▷timber mafias：走私木材的黑帮mafias想想教父里的黑手党

▷roaming：range/wandering

P3 is about:

-sudden shift causes strains and stresses

-shortage extends to finance

-valuation stretch into bubble

➤balsa woods

巴沙木（balsa），号称世界上最轻的木材，主产区位于美洲热带森林。高度轻量化的特点使其成为制造风机叶片的优质原料，目前市面主流风机厂商广泛采用巴沙木作为夹心材料。巴沙木的生长期通常在4-5年，主产地在南美厄瓜多尔。此前由于风电行业的装备价格整体处于相对低迷的状态，很多原材料供大于求，利润偏低。当时，种巴沙木根本就不挣钱，导致很多当地人改种其他作物，几年下来，源头上的供应自然减少了。加之当地每年从12月开始进入漫长的雨季， 运输 的困难程度也会增加，价格也会因此上浮。在产量锐减的同时， 市场 需求却迎来了旺季。以前的叶片都是以115米、121米、131米为主，但现在141米甚至151米的叶片渐渐成为主流。在市场愈加青睐大叶片的环境下，同样容量的机组对叶片材料的需求却大大增加。以前一支叶片可能只要2立方米的木材，现在虽然风机的容量不变或者只增长20-30%，但需要的木材可能就要4-5立方米。这部分成本占到整个叶片成本的20%以上，对叶片价格影响很大

➤off shore wind farms

由于对原材料的需求激增，以及对少数获得监管部门批准的项目的争夺，这种资源分配方式的突然转变正在造成压力和紧张。据我们计算，在过去一年中，电动汽车和电网中使用的一篮子五种矿物的价格已经飙升了139%。木材黑手党正在厄瓜多尔的森林中寻找用于风力涡轮机叶片的轻木。2月，英国拍卖海上风电场的海床权，带来了高达120亿美元的收益，因为能源公司不惜一切代价急于获得曝光。资金短缺延伸到了金融领域：由于大量资金追逐少数可再生能源公司，估值已经被拉到了泡沫地带。虽然可再生能源行业在消费者价格指数中的比重仍然很小，但一些金融家担心，多年来的供应短缺最终会加剧通货膨胀

P4①②③109words

①What makes these signs of overstretch so striking is that they are materialising even as the energy transition is less than 10% complete (measured by the share of cumulative energy-investment needed by 2050 that has already taken place).② It is true that some of the technologies which will be required barely exist yet and so are not available for investment. ③That is why so much research and development is needed. But in other areas the brain work has largely been done—so the 2020s must be the decade of brawn, ramping up established technologies with massive capital spending.

♜助读笔记

▷materialize：to come into existence

▷brawn：physical work

▷ramp up：increase in volume/amount/rate

P4 is about

2020‘s decades of brawn

time to use massive capital to make brain work into reality

这些过度扩张的迹象之所以如此引人注目，是因为它们是在能源转型完成不到10%的情况下出现的（以到2050年所需的累计能源投资中已经发生的份额衡量）。显然，一些所需的技术几乎不存在，因此不能用于投资。这就是为什么需要如此多的研究和开发。但在其他领域，脑力劳动已基本完成，所以2020年代必须是体力劳动的十年，用大量的资本支出来提升既定技术。

P5①②③99words

①The figures for the coming decade are mind-concentrating. ②To stay on track for net zero, by 2030 annual production of electric vehicles needs to be ten times higher than it was last year and the number of roadside charging stations 31 times bigger. ③The installed base of renewable-power generation needs to rise three-fold.④ Global mining firms may have to raise the annual production of critical minerals by 500%.⑤ Perhaps 2% of America’s land will have to be blanketed in turbines and solar panels.

♜助读笔记

▷to stay on track： keep up with

▷be blanketed：be covered

P5 is about

the coming decades-things need do and figures needs to achieve.

未来十年的数字让人心潮澎湃。为了继续实现净零排放，到2030年，电动汽车的年产量需要比去年高10倍，路边充电站的数量需要增加31倍。可再生能源发电的安装基地需要增加三倍。全球矿业公司可能必须将关键矿物的年产量提高500%。也许美国2%的土地将不得不被涡轮机和太阳能电池板所覆盖。

P6①②③103words

①All this will require vast investment: some $35trn over the next decade, equivalent to a third of the global fund-management industry’s assets today.② The system best equipped to deliver this is the network of cross-border supply chains and capital markets that has revolutionised the world since the 1990s. ③Yet even this system is underdelivering, with energy investment running at about half the level required, and skewed towards a few rich countries and China.④ Despite soaring metals prices, for example, mining firms are wary of boosting supply.

♜助读笔记

▷underdeliver: under perform

▷soar: spike/spurge

P6 is about ：vast investment required，system need equipped

所有这一切都需要大量的投资，预计在未来十年约35万亿美元，相当于今天全球基金管理行业资产的三分之一。最有条件实现这一目标的系统是跨境供应链和资本市场网络，自20世纪90年代以来，该网络已经彻底改变了世界。然而，即使是这个系统也没有充分实现，能源投资大约只有所需水平的一半，而且偏向于少数富裕国家和中国。例如，尽管金属价格飙升，但矿业公司对增加供应持谨慎态度。

P7①②③④⑤115words

①The main reason for the investment short fall is that it takes too long to get projects approved and their expected risk and returns are still too opaque.② Governments are making things worse by using climate policy as a vehicle for other political objectives. ③The European Union aspires to strategic autonomy in batteries and its green agenda directs a chunk of its budget to deprived areas. ④China is considering domestic price caps on commodities in its next five-year plan. ⑤Similarly, President Joe Biden’s nascent green plan prioritises union jobs and local manufacturers. ⑥This mix of blurred goals and soft protectionism hobbles the necessary investment.

♜助读笔记

▷opaque：unclear，ambiguity

▷nascent：new born，new start of

P7 mix of blurred goals and soft protectionsim hobbles investment

投资不足的主要原因是，项目获得批准需要的时间太长，而且它们的预期风险和回报仍然太不透明。各国政府利用气候政策作为实现其他政治目标的工具，使情况变得更糟。欧盟渴望在电池领域实现战略自主，其绿色议程将一大部分预算拨给贫困地区。中国正在考虑在下一个五年计划中对大宗商品实行国内价格上限。类似地，美国总统乔•拜登(Joe Biden)刚刚起步的绿色计划之前也提到了工会工作和当地制造商。模糊的目标和软保护主义的混合阻碍了必要的投资。

P8①②③54words

①Governments need to be more hardheaded. ②There is a crucial role for an activist state in supporting the construction of key infrastructure, such as transmission lines, and in research and development. ③But the overwhelming priority must be to catalyse a bigger surge in private investment, in two ways.

♜助读笔记

▷Hard headed:tough, realistic, or shrew

P8 is about:

government need to be more hardheaded

各国政府需要更加务实。在支持输电线路等关键基础设施建设以及研发方面，积极的政府可以发挥关键作用。但当务之急必须是通过两种方式促进私人投资的更大增长。

P9①②③72words

①First, by easing planning rules. ②The average global mining project takes 16 years to get approval; the typical wind project in America over a decade to get lease approvals and permits, which is one reason why its offshore-wind capacity is less than 1% of Europe’s. ③Speed requires centralised decision-making, and will often mean disappointing local NIMBYs and conservationists.

♜助读笔记

▷NIMBY邻避主义

Acronym for not in my back yard

One who objects to a project, especially one intended for the benefit of the public, such as a school or landfill, being sited near one's residence.

P9 is about:

the 1st hard-headed government strategy: by easing plan rules

首先，放松规划规则。全球矿业项目平均需要16年才能获得批准;这也是为什么美国的海上风力发电能力不到欧洲的1%的原因之一。速度需要集中决策，这往往意味着让当地的邻避主义者和自然资源保护主义者失望。

P10①②③147words

Perfect is the enemy of good

① Second, governments can help companies and investors deal with risks. ②They can provide certainty in some areas: for example, by guaranteeing minimum prices for power generation. ③Western governments also have a duty to provide cheap financing to lift investment in poorer countries. ④But the key is the introduction of carbon prices which embed market signals into millions of everyday commercial decisions and give entrepreneurs and investors more visibility over a long-term horizon.⑤ Today only 22% of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions are covered by pricing schemes, and those schemes are not joined up. ⑥Green bottlenecks are a sign that decarbonisation is at last shifting from being a theoretical idea to a reality.⑦ A powerful push is now needed to help make the revolution happen.

♜助读笔记

▷NIMBY邻避主义

P10 is about:

2nd governmetn hard-headed strategy : help deal with risk

and ending sumup：look from another side，bottlenecks are good sign， showing the shifting fr idea to reality；push is needed to make revolution happen

瓶颈需要克服，但也显示了低碳从理论到现实转变的关键期已经出现，需要的是顺势而为，让产业革命发生。

其次，政府可以帮助企业和投资者应对风险。它们可以在某些领域提供确定性:例如，通过保证发电的最低价格。西方政府也有责任提供廉价融资，以增加对贫穷国家的投资。但关键是碳价格的引入，它将市场信号嵌入到数百万日常商业决策中，让企业家和投资者在长期视野中有更多的可见度。如今，全球只有22%的温室气体排放被纳入了定价机制，而这些机制并没有被纳入定价机制。绿色瓶颈标志着脱碳终于从理论变为现实。现在需要一个强大的推动力来帮助这场革命发生。

♔Take away Today

01word&Phrases

Green vocabularies: 绿色经济系列词

green boom, net-zero emission, decarbonation

02

Sentence Context

P1③Far from being transitory, these bottlenecks risk becoming a recurring feature of the world economy for years to come because the shift to a cleaner energy system is still only in its infancy.

03Writing tips

How to describe a bottleneck situation